{"id":13876,"date":"2019-12-24T07:07:42","date_gmt":"2019-12-24T07:07:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/?p=13876"},"modified":"2020-05-07T01:08:10","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T01:08:10","slug":"a-detailed-introduction-to-shape-memory-metal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/hi\/%e0%a4%8f-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a4%e0%a5%83%e0%a4%a4-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%86%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u091f\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"vgblk-rw-wrapper limit-wrapper\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e 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\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0928\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u092e\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930, \u090f\u0938\u090f\u092e\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u092c\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0941\u0930\u0902\u0924 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 1 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948), \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u092a\u0938 \u0906 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940, \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2461 Two way memory effect. When the alloy returns to the state at high temperature during heating, and returns to the shape at low temperature when the temperature is reduced. Because the two-way memory effect can only be obtained through proper &#8220;training&#8221; process and the strain at high temperature will be greatly reduced, so it has less commercial application. Heat force cycling is a kind of &#8220;training&#8221; method to realize the two-way shape memory effect. It achieves the purpose of &#8220;training&#8221; by cycling between austenite and specific martensite variants;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092a\u0930\u0940\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"922\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724713.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13878\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724713.png 922w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724713-630x238.png 630w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724713-300x113.png 300w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724713-768x290.png 768w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724713-420x159.png 420w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724713-840x317.png 840w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724713-315x119.png 315w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 922px) 100vw, 922px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The shape memory effect is a non diffusion solid phase martensitic transformation. In addition, there are other phase transformation processes related to shape memory, such as R-phase transformation, which generally occurs in an intermediate phase transformation from austenite to martensite. There is thermal hysteresis in the reverse transformation of martensite, which is an index to measure the temperature difference between heating and cooling (i.e. \u0394 t = af-ms). This thermal hysteresis property is very important, and the thermal hysteresis of SMA material needs to be considered carefully in the process of target technology application, for example, for fast drive application, smaller thermal hysteresis is needed, while for pipeline connection, larger thermal hysteresis is needed to ensure that the predefined shape is maintained in a larger temperature range. The physical and mechanical properties (thermal conductivity, thermal expansion coefficient, resistivity, Young&#8217;s modulus, etc.) of some SMA before and after phase transition are also different. Austenite phase structure is relatively hard and has higher Young&#8217;s modulus, while martensite structure is softer and more malleable, that is, it can be easily deformed by applying external force.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"463\" height=\"356\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724714.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13879\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724714.png 463w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724714-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724714-420x323.png 420w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724714-315x242.png 315w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 463px) 100vw, 463px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>NiTi \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u091f, \u092e\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u0932\u0940 \u0907\u0928\u0935\u0947\u0938\u093f\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938\u0947\u0938, \u0911\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u092a\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0930\u0940, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093e\u092e\u093e\u091f\u094b\u0932\u0949\u091c\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092c\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0948\u091f\u093f\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0948\u0915\u0947\u0928\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"883\" height=\"428\" src=\"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724715.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-13880\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724715.png 883w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724715-630x305.png 630w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724715-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724715-768x372.png 768w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724715-420x204.png 420w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724715-840x407.png 840w, https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/\u56fe\u724715-315x153.png 315w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 883px) 100vw, 883px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u090f\u0938\u090f\u092e\u090f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924, \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0938\u0942\u0932\u0940 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928, \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0915\u0908 \u0936\u094b\u0927\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0928\u0947 NiTi \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 100 \u2103 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most high temperature shape memory alloys show poor ductility and fatigue resistance at room temperature, so it is difficult to process and &#8220;train&#8221;, so the cost of manufacturing them is very expensive. Ferromagnetic shape memory alloy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u0905\u092a\u0935\u094d\u092f\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0935\u093e \u092c\u091a\u094d\u091a\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u0947\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0947\u0930\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0940\u0926\u093e \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0942\u092a\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u094b \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0936\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u093e \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0932\u094c\u0939\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 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\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u094b \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0935\u093e, \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0920\u094b\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0902\u0917\u0941\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0915\u092e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0936\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u093e \u092b\u0947\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0936\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u0932\u0949\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0947\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0941\u090f\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0907\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b \u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u090f\u091f\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u092e\u0908\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 NiTi \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0938\u0902\u0926 \u092c\u0928 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091a\u0941\u090f\u091f\u0930, \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0906\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923, \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u092a\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0940\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u094d\u092a\u091f\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 NiTi \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e NiTi \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0935\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0923\u093f\u091c\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u091c\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0923 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f, 100 \u2103 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928, \u092b\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0905\u0932\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0928 \u091f\u0930\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0924\u0932\u0940 \u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u092e \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 100 \u2103 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>(1) \u0928\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926\u093e \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0924\u0940\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0902\u0938\u093f\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(2) \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0930 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(3) \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0927\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/p>\n<\/div><!-- .vgblk-rw-wrapper -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Development history of shape memory alloy Shape memory alloy is a kind of shape memory material with excellent properties. When it is affected by external force or magnetic change, it can keep its previous state, which is called shape memory effect. 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