{"id":3823,"date":"2019-06-04T05:42:01","date_gmt":"2019-06-04T05:42:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/?p=3823"},"modified":"2020-05-07T02:09:59","modified_gmt":"2020-05-07T02:09:59","slug":"common-microstructures-of-metal-and-alloy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/cau-truc-vi-mo-chung-cua-kim-loai-va-hop-kim\/","title":{"rendered":"8 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i: kim lo\u1ea1i, polyme, g\u1ed1m s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u composite. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, th\u00e9p v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n nay. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00e9p? B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1eaft th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c t\u1eeb qu\u1eb7ng s\u1eaft, phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh r\u1ebb. S\u1eaft th\u00e9p, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim s\u1eaft-cacbon, l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim bao g\u1ed3m s\u1eaft (Fe) v\u00e0 cacbon (C), silic (Si), mangan (Mn), ph\u1ed1t pho (P), l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh (S) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c. (Cr, V, v.v.). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong th\u00e9p v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t (b\u1ed1n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nung: t\u00f4i, \u1ee7, t\u00f4i, th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f3a), \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e9p c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quan s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi kim lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p sau khi l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu, m\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e1nh b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u0103n m\u00f2n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0103n m\u00f2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Trong h\u1ec7 Fe-Fe3C, h\u1ee3p kim s\u1eaft-cacbon v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 pha c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (ferit F, austenit A v\u00e0 xim\u0103ng Fe3C). C\u00e1c pha c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc trong th\u00e9p. C\u00f3 t\u00e1m c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Ferit<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

 Dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn \u1edf k\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00f2a tan cacbon trong k\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng a-Fe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ferit, thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac BCC v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 h\u1ea1t \u0111a gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u F. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 s\u1eaft nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 dai t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (30-100 HB). Trong th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a cacbon v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim trong alpha-Fe. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a cacbon trong alpha-Fe l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. \u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 AC1, \u0111\u1ed9 tan t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a cacbon l\u00e0 0,0218%, nh\u01b0ng khi gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ed9 tan gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng 0,0084%. Do \u0111\u00f3, xi m\u0103ng th\u1ee9 ba xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t ferit trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i ch\u1eadm. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon trong th\u00e9p, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ferit gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1ecdc trai t\u0103ng l\u00ean. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ferit l\u00e0 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh l\u01b0\u1ee1i li\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2161.Austenite<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

 Dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn \u1edf k\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh do s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a cacbon trong kh\u00f4ng gian k\u1ebd c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 gamma-Fe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Austenit. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 pha \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u A. Austenit c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00f2a tan t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u00e0 2,11% C \u1edf 1148 C v\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn 0,77% C \u1edf 727 C. \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ferit, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 dai c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t, n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 170-220 HBS, = 40-50%. Th\u00e9p TRIP l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00ednh d\u1ebbo t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Austenit. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i do bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng g\u00e2y ra v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ebbo do bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a Austenit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p t\u1ea5m v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m th\u00e9p. Austenit trong th\u00e9p k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u cacbon ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p kim chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c pha kh\u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u00e1t. Ch\u1ec9 sau khi l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i th\u00e9p cacbon v\u00e0 th\u00e9p cacbon cao, Austenit m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong khe h\u1edf mactenxit v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2162. Xi m\u0103ng<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

 Xi m\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a cacbon v\u00e0 s\u1eaft. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed Fe3C cho th\u1ea5y h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 6,69%, v\u00e0 (Fe, M) 3C \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh trong h\u1ee3p kim. Xi m\u0103ng c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 dai va \u0111\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 800HB. Trong s\u1eaft th\u00e9p, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng m\u1ea1ng, b\u00e1n m\u1ea1ng, d\u1ea1ng v\u1ea3y, d\u1ea1ng v\u1ea3y kim v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

 IV. Ng\u1ecdc trai<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

 Pearlite l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ferit v\u00e0 xi m\u0103ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u P. T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ferit v\u00e0 xi m\u0103ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Pearlite l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i eutectoid trong th\u00e9p. H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ferit v\u00e0 xim\u0103ng x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng l\u1edbp gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u v\u00e2n tay. Theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a cacbua, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i: ng\u1ecdc trai d\u1ea1ng v\u1ea3y v\u00e0 ng\u1ecdc trai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

 m\u1ed9t. Flake Pearlite: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i: v\u1ea3y d\u00e0y, v\u1ea3y trung b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u1ea3y m\u1ecbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Ng\u1ecdc trai h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u: thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u1ee7 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, xi m\u0103ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n ferit. k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u xi m\u0103ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ee7 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i. Pearlite h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh b\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i: h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u th\u00f4, h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u m\u1ecbn v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V. Bainite<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bainite l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i austenit b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1ecdc trai v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec3m MS trong v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh. Bainite l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ferit v\u00e0 xi m\u0103ng, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1eefa ng\u1ecdc trai v\u00e0 mactenxit, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u B. Theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh bainite d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t, bainite tr\u00ean (B tr\u00ean) v\u00e0 bainit d\u01b0\u1edbi (B d\u01b0\u1edbi). Bainite d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 dai t\u1ed1t. bainite th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n cao v\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai t\u1ed1t. bainite d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 dai k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t. H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i Bainite c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, bainite c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh ba d\u1ea1ng: d\u1ea1ng l\u00f4ng, d\u1ea1ng kim v\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

m\u1ed9t. Bainite th\u01b0\u1ee3ng: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bainit tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp song song c\u1ee7a ferit d\u1ea1ng d\u1ea3i, v\u1edbi xi m\u0103ng d\u1ea1ng d\u1ea3i m\u1ecbn (ho\u1eb7c thanh ng\u1eafn) song song v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c kim ferit, c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b. Bainite th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

v\u1ea3y h\u00ecnh kim m\u1ecbn, c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u0103n m\u00f2n h\u01a1n mactenxit \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eadp t\u1eaft, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng mactenxit t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, d\u1ec5 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. cacbua k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a trong ferit d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh, v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 55-60 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m ferit, bainit th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p song sinh, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

c. Bainite d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ferit v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111a gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u. Khi Austenit c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn cao h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a bainit tr\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon c\u1ee7a ferit k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ferit sang Austenit th\u00f4ng qua ranh gi\u1edbi pha ferit \/ austenit, l\u00e0m cho Austenit gi\u00e0u cacbon kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb Austenit th\u00e0nh ferit. C\u00e1c v\u00f9ng Austenit n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ea3o, d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c d\u1ea1ng d\u1ea3i, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean ma tr\u1eadn ferit. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, theo th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a austenit v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, austenit trong c\u00e1c th\u00f9ng h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(i) Ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh ferit v\u00e0 cacbua. D\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c cacbua d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t, h\u00ecnh que ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n \u0111a h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(ii) bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh mactenxit, c\u00f3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

(iii) v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Austenit gi\u00e0u cacbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cacbua d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean ma tr\u1eadn ferit c\u1ee7a bainit d\u1ea1ng h\u1ea1t (c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ea3o ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 austenit gi\u00e0u cacbon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y th\u00e0nh ferit v\u00e0 cacbua khi ngu\u1ed9i, ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh mactenxit ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t austenit v\u1eabn gi\u00e0u cacbon). L\u00f4ng bainit, ma tr\u1eadn ferit, cacbua d\u1ea3i k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a \u1edf l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m ferit. Bainite th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, ferit d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh v\u1edbi cacbua v\u1ea3y nh\u1ecf, cacbit v\u1ea3y trong ferit c\u1ee7a tr\u1ee5c d\u00e0i l\u00e0 g\u00f3c kho\u1ea3ng 55 ~ 60 \u0111\u1ed9. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

VI. NHI\u1ec6M V\u1ee4 C\u1ee6A WEISHER<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Widmanstatten l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c kim ferit giao nhau kho\u1ea3ng 60 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00fang trong ma tr\u1eadn th\u00e9p. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Widmanstatten th\u00f4 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 dai c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00f2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong th\u00e9p hypoeutectoid, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t th\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh do qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a nhanh ch\u00f3ng khi ngu\u1ed9i. Do \u0111\u00f3, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng d\u1ecdc theo ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t austenit, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ferit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t sang h\u1ea1t theo c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1eaft v\u00e0 k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a ri\u00eang r\u1ebd th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh kim. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Widmanstatten. Khi th\u00e9p si\u00eau nhi\u1ec7t si\u00eau n\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i, xi m\u0103ng c\u0169ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ranh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1t sang h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac Widmanstatten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u2166.Martensite<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn si\u00eau b\u00e3o h\u00f2a c\u1ee7a cacbon trong alpha-Fe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 mactenxit. Mactenxit c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo k\u00e9m, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu t\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdng va \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u M. Mactenxit l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i nhanh Austenit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh k\u00e9m v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1eaft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m MS v\u00e0 Mf. T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, cacbon (v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n theo th\u1eddi gian, ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 (t\u00e2m m\u1eb7t) c\u1ee7a gamma-Fe \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 (t\u00e2m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3) c\u1ee7a alpha-Fe, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn (austenit) c\u1ee7a cacbon trong gamma-Fe th\u00e0nh dung d\u1ecbch r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a cacbon trong alpha-Fe. Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Mactenxit d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kim lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Mactenxit, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia th\u00e0nh Mactenxit lath (cacbon th\u1ea5p) v\u00e0 Mactenxit d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

m\u1ed9t. Mactenxit lath: <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 mactenxit cacbon th\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c d\u1ea3i mactenxit m\u1ecbn c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp song song v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00f3 mactenxit ho\u1eb7c mi\u1ec1n mactenxit. s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n l\u00e0 l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 mi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t austenit nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. Do s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh mactenxit \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao n\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed9i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cacbit s\u1ebd k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a trong mactenxit h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 s\u1eabm m\u00e0u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 b. Mactenxit d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Mactenxit d\u1ea1ng v\u1ea3y ho\u1eb7c Mactenxit cacbon cao, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0: t\u1ea5m Mactenxit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong h\u1ea1t Austenit t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ea1t, h\u1ea1t austenit b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft, do \u0111\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Mactenxit h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sau n\u00e0y b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. n\u00ean k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a mactenxit d\u1ea1ng v\u1ea3y thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u. Mactenxit d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1edd \u1edf gi\u1eefa trong kim mactenxit. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon c\u00e0ng cao th\u00ec mactenxit c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 Austenit gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng gi\u1eefa Mactenxit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

 c. Mactenxit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sau khi t\u00f4i ngu\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ba c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kim lo\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sau khi t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

(i) Mactenxit t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n: <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m mactenxit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i ngu\u1ed9i (v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 t\u1ee9 gi\u00e1c) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n, trong \u0111\u00f3 cacbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i \u1edf d\u1ea1ng cacbua chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m cacbua chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp c\u1ef1c m\u1ecbn ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ma tr\u1eadn dung d\u1ecbch (c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac tinh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh kh\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u00e2m) (giao di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ma tr\u1eadn l\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c) C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac pha. lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi quang h\u1ecdc (quang h\u1ecdc), ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh kim \u0111en (h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a kim \u0111en v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a kim tr\u1eafng. trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1eadp t\u1eaft). Lo\u1ea1i kim \u0111en n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 "mactenxit t\u00f4i".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

(ii) Troostit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7: <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a mactenxit t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trung b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kim c\u1ee7a mactenxit, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 (th\u00e9p h\u1ee3p kim ch\u1ee9a crom, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft tinh l\u1ea1i h\u1ee3p kim ferit c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cao h\u01a1n, v\u00ec v\u1eady n\u00f3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh kim), cacbua k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a nh\u1ecf , kh\u00f3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t cacbua ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, c\u1ef1c D\u1ec5 b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 h\u00f3a \u0111en c\u00e1c m\u00f4. N\u1ebfu \u1ee7 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e2u h\u01a1n, kim s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng. L\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u00e1c cacbit s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u \u1edf m\u00e9p kim, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e9p s\u1ebd k\u00e9m \u0111i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

(iii) sorbite \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7: <\/h4>\n\n\n\n

s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a mactenxit t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0: cacbua h\u1ea1t m\u1ecbn ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n sorbite, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi k\u00ednh hi\u1ec3n vi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t gi\u1eefa s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai. C\u00e1c cacbua tr\u00ean ferit c\u00e0ng m\u1ecbn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng cao, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 dai c\u00e0ng k\u00e9m. ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 dai c\u00e0ng cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2167.Ledeburite<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p eutectic trong h\u1ee3p kim FERROCARBON, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p kim FERROCARBON l\u1ecfng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a cacbon (h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cacbon) l\u00e0 4,3%, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ledeburite khi h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a austenit v\u00e0 xim\u0103ng k\u1ebft tinh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u1edf 1480 \u0111\u1ed9 C. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Austenit bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh Pearlit \u1edf 727 C, ledeburite \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ng\u1ecdc v\u00e0 xim\u0103ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ledeburite tr\u00ean 727 C \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ledeburite nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao (L d), v\u00e0 ledeburite d\u01b0\u1edbi 727 C \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ledeburite nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p (L'd). C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ledeburite t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a xi m\u0103ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee9ng cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Modern materials can be divided into four categories: metals, polymers, ceramics and composite materials. Despite the rapid development of macromolecule materials, steel is still the most widely used and most important material in the current engineering technology. What factors determine the dominant position of steel materials? Now let’s introduce it in detail. Iron and steel…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":19470,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[79],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/1-6.png","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3823"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3823"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3823\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19470"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3823"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3823"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.meetyoucarbide.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3823"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}